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Kenneth S. Goodman, whose influential theories of reading dominated the teaching of reading in grade school classrooms in the s and early s, died in his Tucson, Ariz. He was The cause of death was several underlying health issues, not COVID, said Yetta Goodman, his wife of 67 years and frequent research collaborator.
Whole language instruction emphasized that students learn to read through immersion in books and eschewed traditional systematic teaching of phonics and spelling. During its heyday, it dominated U. teacher-preparation programs and curriculum guidelines alike.
The philosophy was also extremely popular in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and to a lesser extent in the United Kingdom.
David Pearson, a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley. Whole language was also one of the clearest expressions of longstanding progressive education thinking in its embrace of the idea that learning should be student-centered rather than teacher directed.
For many students, that body of work notes, the alphabetic code must be explicitly taught, not incidentally discovered. He was active in progressive causes in both states, something that would mark his career for the rest of his life. The activism made securing a public school teaching job in the s somewhat precarious, which led to his teaching in private schools, and ultimately a decision to pursue graduate study.
Returning to Michigan to teach at Wayne State University, he turned his attention to reading while working with students in the Detroit district. Miscue analysis suggested that even young students were inferring things about language systems: For example, they often would substitute articles with other articles or determiners with determiners.
And the miscues showed they were always engaged in meaning-making, not just identifying new words. Underpinning these ideas was the idea that, just as oral language develops naturally, young readers were naturally wired to learn to engage in systems of print and make meaning out of what they read. His ideas would soon give way to an emerging discipline under the moniker whole language—a term Goodman did not invent—alongside scholars such as Frank Smith, Dorothy Watkins, among many others.
His exact contemporary, New Zealand psychologist Marie Clay, would develop similar ideas and go on to found a popular reading-intervention program, Reading Recovery. Goodman was not, as is often asserted, wholly dismissive of phonics, a view more accurately ascribed to fellow whole-language theorist Frank Smith. He believed readers did use knowledge of sound-letter systems when reading, but relied on them less as they grew more efficient.
InGoodman moved to Tucson to teach at the University of Arizona, where he would work for the rest of his life, ultimately becoming an emeritus young goodman brown essay topics of education. He served as president of the International Reading Association now the International Literacy Association from to and as a board member from toand helped establish the Whole Language Umbrella subgroup now Literacies and Languages for All within the National Council of Teachers of English.
In a sense, the evolution of whole language into a broad philosophy for teaching rather than a series of agreed-upon teaching protocols also proved to be its Achilles heel. Whole language represents many things to many people and has been used to define many different elements of classroom reading instruction.
Goodman himself generally stayed away from the curriculum applications of his work. A lifelong skepticism of traditional textbook reading programs, his one experience writing curriculum does not appear to have been a happy one.
In the late s and young goodman brown essay topics s, he worked on a Scott Foresman reading series based on his theories, which proved unpopular. And although Goodman insisted that the cueing systems were not directly applicable as an instructional methodteachers and professional-development providers implemented them in ways that some scholars found troubling.
Does it sound right? A recent Education Week survey found that the cueing ideas continue to be widely used by teachers and teacher-educators, and that they are young goodman brown essay topics basis of some of the most popular early literacy curriculum materials on the market. More damaging still to whole language was a new wave of empirical research beginning in the late s.
Skilled readers, young goodman brown essay topics, those studies found, young goodman brown essay topics most on the sound-letter code to learn new words, not on context, as Goodman had theorized. Cognitive scientists, meanwhile, found that learning to read was not an innate process like learning to speak, but rather something that in fact needed to be hardwired into the brain—and for many though not all, students, explicitly taught.
Research reviews in the United States and in other countries have concluded that students do need to be taught phonemic awareness and phonics systematically and explicitly. As has been pointed out numerous times, researchers subscribing to those various approaches tend to work in different departments far across campus, attend different conferences, and publish in different journals.
In a interview with journalist Emily Hanfordwho pressed him to respond to the body of cognitive research, Goodman alluded to those fundamental differences, young goodman brown essay topics. In later years, young goodman brown essay topics, Goodman was sometimes put in the role of defending whole language, as well as criticizing the movement in the early s and s towards standards and accountability.
A frequent commentator and writer of letters to the editor to Education Week and other publications, as well as a source for reporters, he responded young goodman brown essay topics a wide range of critics.
Yetta Goodman, though, noted that her husband was a generous, funny man who liked a good joke, and whose sense of humor and graciousness permeated his interactions with students and colleagues. And despite some well-publicized spats with other literacy researchers, he maintained good relationships even with those with whom he disagreed. And the last few years of policy has resuscitated the importance of comprehension—not merely word identification—as a goal of reading programs, particularly in relationship to the background knowledge students need to understand what they read, young goodman brown essay topics.
In addition to his wife, Goodman is survived by three daughters, all of whom work in education, seven grandchildren, and 14 great-grandchildren. All Topics. Jobs Back Jobs Search for Jobs Young goodman brown essay topics up for Job Alerts Virtual Career Fairs Post a Job Career Advice Careers at EdWeek.
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Email Facebook LinkedIn Twitter Copy URL. Ken Goodman. Stephen Sawchuk. Follow Unfollow. Associate EditorEducation Week. Stephen Sawchuk covers district leadership and management, school safety, and civics education for Education Week.
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Young Goodman Brown - Short Story Summary - Nathaniel Hawthorne - English Literature
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