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Jomo Kenyatta [a] c. He was the country's first indigenous head of government and played a significant role in the transformation of Kenya from a colony of the British Empire into an independent republic. Ideologically an African nationalist and conservativehe led the Kenya African National Union KANU party from until his college application essay service keystone. Kenyatta was born to Kikuyu farmers in KiambuBritish East Africa. Educated at a college application essay service keystone schoolhe worked in various jobs before becoming politically engaged through the Kikuyu Central Association.
Inhe travelled to London to lobby for Kikuyu land affairs. During the s, he studied at Moscow 's Communist University of the Toilers of the EastUniversity College Londonand the London School of Economics. Inhe published an anthropological study of Kikuyu life before working as a farm labourer in Sussex during the Second World War.
Influenced by his friend George Padmorehe embraced anti-colonialist and Pan-African ideas, co-organising the Pan-African Congress in Manchester. He returned to Kenya in and became a school principal.
Inhe was elected President of the Kenya African Unionthrough which he lobbied for independence from British colonial rule, attracting widespread indigenous support but animosity from white settlers. Inhe was among the Kapenguria Six arrested and charged with masterminding the anti-colonial Mau Mau Uprising. Although protesting his innocence—a view shared by later historians—he was convicted.
He remained imprisoned at Lokitaung until and was then exiled to Lodwar until On his release, Kenyatta became President of KANU and led the party to victory in the general election. As Prime Minister, college application essay service keystone, he oversaw the transition of the Kenya Colony into an independent republic, of which he became president in Desiring a one-party statehe transferred regional college application essay service keystone to his central government, suppressed political dissent, and prohibited KANU's only rival— Oginga Odinga 's leftist Kenya People's Union —from competing in elections.
He promoted reconciliation between the country's indigenous ethnic groups and its European minority, although his relations with the Kenyan Indians were strained and Kenya's army clashed with Somali separatists in the North Eastern Province during the Shifta War. His government pursued capitalist economic policies and college application essay service keystone "Africanisation" of the economy, college application essay service keystone, prohibiting non-citizens from controlling key industries.
Education and healthcare were expanded, while UK-funded land redistribution favoured KANU loyalists and exacerbated ethnic tensions. Under Kenyatta, college application essay service keystone, Kenya joined the Organisation of African Unity and the Commonwealth of Nationsespousing a pro- Western and anti-communist foreign policy amid the Cold War. Kenyatta died in office and was succeeded by Daniel arap Moi.
Kenyatta was a controversial figure. Prior to Kenyan independence, many of its white settlers regarded him as an agitator and malcontent, although across Africa he gained widespread respect as an anti-colonialist. During his presidency, college application essay service keystone, he was given the honorary title college application essay service keystone Mzee and lauded as the Father of the Nationsecuring support from both the black majority and the white minority with his message of reconciliation.
Conversely, his rule was criticised as dictatorial, authoritarianand neo-colonialof favouring Kikuyu over other ethnic groups, and of facilitating the growth of widespread corruption. A member of the Kikuyu peopleKenyatta was born with the name Kamau in the village of Nginda. Kenyatta was raised according to traditional Kikuyu custom and belief, and was taught the skills needed to herd the family flock.
In NovemberKenyatta left home and enrolled as a pupil at the Church of Scotland Mission CSM at Thogoto. Kenyatta's academic progress was unremarkable, and in July he became an apprentice to the mission's carpenter. Forced by the missionaries to choose just one, he chose Johnstone, the -stone chosen as a reference to Peter. Kenyatta moved to Thikawhere he worked for an engineering firm run by the Briton John Cook. In this position, he was tasked with fetching the company wages from a bank in Nairobi, 25 miles 40 km away.
One of those who joined was Kongo, who disappeared during the conflict; his family never learned of his fate. At some point, he took to calling himself "Kinyata" or "Kenyatta" after this garment. InKenyatta moved to Narokwhere he was involved in transporting livestock to Nairobi, [31] before relocating to Nairobi to work in a store selling farming and engineering equipment. In AprilKenyatta began working as a stores clerk and meter reader for Cook, who had been appointed water superintendent for Nairobi's municipal council.
Anti-imperialist sentiment was on the rise among both native and Indian communities in Kenya following the Irish War of Independence and the Russian October Revolution. Kenyatta's interest in politics stemmed from his friendship with James Beauttaha senior figure in the Kikuyu Central Association KCA. Beauttah took Kenyatta to a political meeting in Pumwanialthough this led to no firm involvement at the time.
It is likely that the KCA purchased a motorbike for Kenyatta, [52] which he used to travel around Kikuyuland and neighbouring areas inhabited by the Meru and Embuhelping to establish new KCA branches. Introduced by the British Governor of KenyaEdward Griggthese Land Boards would hold all land in native reserves in trust for each tribal group.
Both the KCA and the Kikuyu Association opposed these Land Boards, which treated Kikuyu land as collectively-owned rather than recognising individual Kikuyu land ownership. In Maythe KCA launched a Kikuyu-language magazine, Muĩgwithania roughly translated as "The Reconciler" or "The Unifier"in which it published news, articles, and homilies.
The second thing is that nobody is regarded as a slave, everyone is free to do what he or she likes without being hindered. After the KCA raised sufficient funds, in February Kenyatta sailed from Mombasa to Britain. McGregor Ross at the Royal Empire SocietyRoss briefing him on how to deal with the Colonial Office. At the meeting, Kenyatta raised the land issue and Thuku's exile, the atmosphere between the two being friendly. Kenyatta developed contacts with radicals to the left of the Labour Partyincluding several communists.
In these, his criticism of British imperialism was far stronger than it had been in Muĩgwithania. Kenyatta told Shiels that he was not affiliated with communist circles and was unaware of the nature of the newspaper which published his articles, college application essay service keystone. The Anti-Slavery Society advanced him funds to pay off his debts and return to Kenya.
In his absence, female genital mutilation FGM had become a topic of strong debate in Kikuyu society. The Protestant churches, backed by European medics and the colonial authorities, supported the abolition of this traditional practicebut the KCA rallied to its defence, college application essay service keystone, claiming that its abolition would damage the structure of Kikuyu society.
He expressed the view that although personally opposing FGM, he regarded its legal abolition as counter-productive, and argued that the churches should focus on eradicating the practice through educating people about its harmful effects on women's health.
In MayKenyatta and Parmenas Mockerie sailed for Britain, intent on representing the KCA at a Joint Committee of Parliament on the future of East Africa. In Britain, Kenyatta befriended an Afro-Caribbean Marxist, George Padmorewho was working for the Soviet-run Comintern.
and British Empire. The emergence of Germany's Nazi government shifted political allegiances in Europe; the Soviet Union pursued formal alliances with France and Czechoslovakia, [] and thus reduced its support for the movement against British and French colonial rule in Africa. Padmore resigned from the Soviet Communist Party in protest, college application essay service keystone, and was subsequently vilified in the Soviet press.
Kenyatta continued writing articles, reflecting Padmore's influence. Between andKenyatta worked as a linguistic informant for the Phonetics Department at University College London UCL ; his Kikuyu voice recordings assisted Lilias Armstrong 's production of The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu.
Kenyatta lacked the qualifications normally required to join the course, but Malinowski was keen to support the participation of indigenous peoples in anthropological research, college application essay service keystone. Kenyatta returned to his former dwellings at 95 Cambridge Street, [] but did not pay his landlady for over a year, owing over £ in rent.
InItaly invaded Ethiopia Abyssiniaincensing Kenyatta and other Africans in London; he became the honorary secretary of the International African Friends of Abyssiniaa group established by Padmore and C. Kenyatta assembled the essays on Kikuyu society written for Malinowski's class and published them as Facing Mount Kenya in The book's jacket cover featured an image of Kenyatta in traditional dress, wearing a skin cloak over one shoulder and carrying a spear.
No other African had made such an uncompromising stand for tribal integrity, college application essay service keystone. After the United Kingdom entered World War II in SeptemberKenyatta and Stock moved to the Sussex village of Storrington.
Intelligence services continued monitoring Kenyatta, noting that he college application essay service keystone politically inactive between and Kenyatta and other senior IASB members began planning the fifth Pan-African Congressheld in Manchester in October After British victory in World War II, Kenyatta received a request to return to Kenya in Septembersailing back that month.
Gradually, the number of enrolled pupils fell. In Augustthe Kenya African Union KAU had been founded; at that time it was the only active political outlet for indigenous Africans in the colony.
To attract support from Kenya's Indian community, he made contact with Jawaharlal Nehruthe first Prime Minister of the new Indian republic. Nehru's response was supportive, sending a message to Kenya's Indian minority reminding them that they were the guests of the indigenous African population. ByKenyatta was widely recognized as a national leader, both by his supporters and by his opponents. Bythe Mau Mau had killed around 1, people.
Let Mau Mau perish forever. All people should search for Mau Mau and kill it. In OctoberKenyatta was arrested and driven to Nairobi, where he was taken aboard a plane and flown to Lokitaungnorthwest Kenya, one of the most remote locations in the country.
Lonsdale stated that Kenyatta had been made a "scapegoat", [] while the historian A. Assensoh later suggested that the authorities "knew very college application essay service keystone that Kenyatta was not involved in the Mau Mau, but that they were nevertheless committed to silencing his calls for independence. The trial took place in Kapenguriaa remote area near the Ugandan border that the authorities hoped would not attract crowds or attention, college application essay service keystone.
DaviesF. De Souzaand Dudley Thompsonled by British barrister and Member of Parliament Denis Nowell Pritt. In AprilJudge Thacker found the defendants guilty. Maloba later characterised it as "a rigged political trial with a predetermined outcome", college application essay service keystone. Kenyatta and the others were returned to Lokitaung, where they resided on remand while awaiting the results of the appeal process.
He later noted that this was despite the fact his case was one of the strongest he had ever presented during his career. During the appeal process, a prison had been built at Lokitaung, where Kenyatta and the four others were then interned. de Robeck became the District Officer, after which Kenyatta and the other inmates were treated more leniently.
Kenyatta's imprisonment transformed him into a political martyr for many Kenyans, further enhancing his status. His sentence served, in April Kenyatta was released from Lokitaung. This indefinite detention was widely interpreted internationally as a reflection of the cruelties of British imperialism. College application essay service keystone this point, it was widely accepted that Kenyan independence was college application essay service keystone, the British Empire having been dismantled throughout much of Asia and Macmillan having made his " Wind of Change " speech.
An agreement was reached that an election would be called for a new seat Legislative Council, with 33 seats reserved for black Africans, 20 for other ethnic groups, and 12 as 'national members' elected by a pan-racial electorate. After the Lancaster House negotiations, college application essay service keystone anti-colonial movement had split into two parties, the Kenya African National Union KANUcollege application essay service keystone, which was dominated by Kikuyu and Luo, and the Kenya African Democratic Union KADUwhich was led largely by members of smaller ethnic groups like the Kalenjin and Maasai, college application essay service keystone.
Renison decided to release Kenyatta before Kenya achieved independence.
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