We use cookies on our website. By continuing to browse our site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Find out more about our cookies Hide A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided. It is at this point of the essay that students may begin to struggle. This is the portion of the essay that will leave the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader. Therefore, it Apr 27, · About 'The Lowest Animal' by Mark Twain Composed in , "The Lowest Animal" (which has appeared in different forms and under various titles, including "Man's Place in the Animal World") was occasioned by the battles between Christians and Muslims in Crete
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Animal rights is the philosophy according to which some, or all, animals are entitled to the possession of their own existence and that their most basic interests—such as the need to avoid suffering —should be afforded the same consideration as similar interests of human beings.
Advocates for animal rights oppose the assignment of moral value and fundamental protections on the basis of species membership alone—an idea known as speciesism sincewhen Richard D. Ryder adopted the term [4] —arguing that it is a prejudice as irrational as any other. In parallel to the debate about moral rights, law schools in North America now often teach animal lawanimal cruelty essay conclusion, [7] and several legal scholars, such as Steven M.
Wise and Gary L. Francionesupport the extension of basic legal rights and personhood to non-human animals. The animals most often considered in arguments for personhood are hominids. Some animal-rights academics support this animal cruelty essay conclusion it would break through the species barrier, but others oppose it because it predicates moral value on mental complexity, rather than on sentience alone.
Outside the order of primatesanimal-rights discussions most often address the status of mammals compare charismatic megafauna. Other animals considered less sentient have gained less attention; insects relatively little [10] outside Jainismanimal cruelty essay conclusion, and animal-like bacteria despite their overwhelming numbers hardly any. Critics of animal rights argue that nonhuman animals are unable to enter into a social contractand thus cannot be possessors of rights, a view summed up by the philosopher Roger Scrutonwho writes that only humans have duties, and therefore only humans have rights.
Congress with the enactment of laws, including the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Actallowing the prosecution of this sort of activity as terrorism. Aristotle stated that animals lacked reason logosand placed humans at the top of the natural world, yet the respect for animals in ancient Greece was very high. Some animals were considered divine, e. In the Book of Genesis 5th or 6th century BCEAdam animal cruelty essay conclusion given "dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over animal cruelty essay conclusion cattle, animal cruelty essay conclusion, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
The philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras c. He was the first to create a taxonomy of animals; he perceived some similarities between humans and other species, but stated for the most part that animals lacked reason logosreasoning logismosthought dianoiaanimal cruelty essay conclusion, nousand belief doxa. Theophrastus c. Plutarch 1st century CEin his Life of Cato the Eldercomments that while law and justice are applicable strictly to men only, beneficence and charity towards beasts is characteristic of animal cruelty essay conclusion gentle heart.
This is intended as a correction and advance over the merely utilitarian treatment of animals and slaves by Cato himself. Tom Beauchamp writes that the most extensive account in antiquity of how animals should animal cruelty essay conclusion treated was written by the Neoplatonist philosopher Porphyry —c. According to Richard D. Ryderthe first known animal protection legislation in Europe was passed in Ireland in It prohibited pulling wool off sheep, and the attaching of ploughs to horses' tails, referring to "the cruelty used to beasts.
Ward's list of "rites" included rite "No man shall exercise any Tirrany or Crueltie toward any brute Creature which are usually kept for man's use. The Puritans passed animal protection legislation in England too. Kathleen Kete writes that animal welfare laws were passed in as part of the ordinances of the Protectorate —the government under Oliver Cromwell —which lasted from tofollowing the English Civil War.
Cromwell disliked blood sports, animal cruelty essay conclusion, which included cockfightinganimal cruelty essay conclusion, cock throwingdog fightingbull baiting and bull running, said to tenderize the meat.
These could be seen in villages and fairgrounds, and became associated with idleness, drunkenness, and gambling. Kete writes that the Puritans interpreted the biblical dominion of man over animals to mean responsible stewardship, rather than ownership. The opposition to blood sports became part of what was seen as Puritan interference in people's lives, and the animal protection laws were overturned during the Restorationwhen Charles II was returned to the throne in The great influence of the 17th century was the French philosopher René Descartes —whose Meditations informed attitudes about animals well into the 20th century, animal cruelty essay conclusion.
Mind, for Descartes, was a thing apart from the physical universe, a separate substancelinking human beings to the mind of God. The nonhuman, on the other hand, were for Descartes nothing but complex automatawith no souls, minds, or reason. Against Descartes, the British philosopher John Locke — commented, in Some Thoughts Concerning Educationthat animals did have feelings, and that unnecessary cruelty toward them was morally animal cruelty essay conclusion, but that the right not to be harmed adhered either to the animal's owner, or to the human being who was animal cruelty essay conclusion damaged by being cruel.
Discussing the importance of preventing children from tormenting animals, he wrote: "For the custom of tormenting and killing of beasts will, by degrees, harden their minds even towards men. Locke's position echoed that of Thomas Aquinas — Paul Waldau writes that the argument can be found at 1 Corinthians —10when Paul asks: "Is it for oxen that God is concerned? Does he not speak entirely for our sake?
It was written for our sake. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant —following Aquinas, opposed the idea that humans have direct duties toward nonhumans. For Kant, cruelty to animals was wrong only because it was bad for humankind. He argued in that "cruelty to animals is contrary to man's duty to himselfbecause it deadens in him the feeling of sympathy for their sufferings, and thus a natural tendency that is very useful to morality in relation to other human beings is weakened.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau — animal cruelty essay conclusion in Discourse on Inequality for the inclusion of animals in natural law on the grounds of sentience : "By this method also we put an end to the time-honored disputes concerning the participation of animals in natural law: for it is clear that, animal cruelty essay conclusion, being destitute of intelligence and liberty, they cannot recognize that law; as they partake, animal cruelty essay conclusion, however, in some measure of our nature, in consequence of the sensibility with which they are endowed, they ought to partake of natural right; so that mankind is subjected to a kind of obligation even toward the brutes.
It appears, in fact, that if I am bound to do no injury to my fellow-creatures, this is less because they are rational than because they are sentient beings: and this quality, being common both to men and beasts, ought to entitle the latter at least to the privilege of not being wantonly ill-treated by the former.
In his treatise on education, Emile, or Animal cruelty essay conclusion Educationhe encouraged parents to raise their children on a vegetarian diet. He believed that the food of the culture a child was raised eating, played an important role in the character and disposition they would develop as adults, animal cruelty essay conclusion.
This has been recognized at all times and in all places. The English are noted for their cruelty while the Gaures are the gentlest of men.
All savages are cruel, and it is not their customs that tend in this direction; their cruelty is the result of their food. Four years later, one of the founders of modern utilitarianism, the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham —although opposed to the concept of natural rightsargued that it was the ability to suffer that should be the benchmark of how we treat other beings.
Bentham states that the capacity for suffering gives the right to equal consideration; equal consideration animal cruelty essay conclusion that the interests of any being affected by an action are to be considered and have the equal interest of any other being. If rationality were the criterion, he argued, animal cruelty essay conclusion, many humans, including infants and the disabled, would also have to be treated as though they were things.
He wrote injust as African slaves were being freed by the French :. The French have already discovered that the blackness of the skin is no reason a human being should be abandoned without redress to the caprice of a tormentor. It may one day come to be recognized that the number of the legs, the villosity of the skin, or the termination of the os sacrum are reasons equally insufficient for abandoning a sensitive being to the same fate.
What else is it that should trace the insuperable line? Is it the faculty of reason or perhaps the faculty of discourse? But a full-grown horse or dog, is beyond comparison a more rational, as well as a more conversable animal, than an infant of a day or a week or even a month, old. But suppose the case were otherwise, what would it avail? the question is not, Can they reason? but, Can they suffer?
The 19th century saw an explosion of interest in animal protection, particularly in England. Debbie Legge and Simon Brooman write that the educated classes became concerned about attitudes toward the old, the needy, animal cruelty essay conclusion, children, and the insane, and that this concern was extended to nonhumans. Before the 19th century, there had been prosecutions for poor treatment of animals, animal cruelty essay conclusion, but only animal cruelty essay conclusion of the damage to the animal as property.
Infor example, John Cornish was found not guilty of maiming animal cruelty essay conclusion horse after pulling the animal's tongue out; the judge ruled that Cornish could be found guilty only if there was evidence of malice toward the owner.
From onwards, there were several attempts in England to introduce animal protection legislation. The first was a bill against bull baitingintroduced in April by a Scottish MP, Sir William Pulteney — It was opposed inter alia on the grounds that it was anti-working class, and was defeated by two votes, animal cruelty essay conclusion.
Another attempt was made inthis time opposed by the Secretary at War, William Windham —who said the Bill was supported by Methodists and Jacobins who wished to "destroy the Old English character, by the abolition of all rural sports. InLord Erskine introduced a bill to protect cattle and horses from malicious wounding, wanton cruelty, and beating.
He told the House of Lords that animals had protection only as property: " The animals themselves are without protection --the law regards them not substantively --they have no rights! Inthe Treatment of Horses bill was introduced by Colonel Richard Martin —animal cruelty essay conclusion, MP for Galway in Ireland, but it was lost among laughter in the House of Commons that the next thing would be rights for asses, dogs, and cats, animal cruelty essay conclusion.
It was given royal assent on June 22 that year as An Act to prevent the cruel and improper Treatment of Cattleand made animal cruelty essay conclusion an offence, punishable by fines up to five pounds or two months imprisonment, to "beat, abuse, or ill-treat any horse, mare, gelding, mule, ass, ox, cow, heifer, steer, animal cruelty essay conclusion, sheep or other cattle.
Legge and Brooman argue that the success of the Bill lay in the personality of "Humanity Dick", who was able to shrug off the ridicule from the House of Commons, and whose sense of humour managed to capture the House's attention. Burns was fined, and newspapers and music halls were full of jokes about how Martin had relied on the testimony of a donkey.
Other countries followed suit in passing legislation or making decisions that favoured animals. Inthe courts in New York ruled that wanton cruelty to animals was a misdemeanor at common law. At a meeting of the Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals, on the 16th day of Juneat Old Slaughter's Coffee House, St Martin's Lane : T F Buxton Esqr, MP, in the Chair. That a committee be appointed to superintend the Publication of Tracts, Sermons, and similar modes of influencing public opinion, to consist of the following Gentlemen:.
Sir Jas. Mackintosh MP, A Warre Esqr. MP, Wm. Wilberforce Esqr. MP, Basil Montagu Esqr. A Broome, Revd. G Bonner, Revd G A Hatch, A E Kendal Esqr. Mudford Esqr. That a Committee be appointed to adopt measures for Inspecting the Markets and Streets of the Metropolis, the Slaughter Houses, the conduct of Coachmen, etc.
T F Buxton Esqr. MP, Richard Martin Esqr. Brogden Esqr. T G Meymott Esqr. Honorary Secretary [43]. Richard Martin soon realized that magistrates did not take the Martin Act seriously, animal cruelty essay conclusion, and that it was not being reliably enforced. Martin's Act was supported by various social reformers who were not parliamentarians and an informal network had gathered around the efforts of Reverend Arthur Broome to create a voluntary organisation that would promote kindness toward animals, animal cruelty essay conclusion.
Broome canvassed opinions in letters that were published or summarised in various periodicals in Broome organised and chaired a meeting of sympathisers in Novemberwhere it was agreed that a Society should be created and at which Broome was named its Secretary, but the attempt was short-lived.
The group met on June 16, animal cruelty essay conclusion,and included a number of MPs: Richard Martin, Sir James Mackintosh —Sir Thomas Buxton —William Wilberforce —and Sir James Graham —who had been an MP, and who became one again in
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Use of Animal Imagery. In “Othello” by Shakespeare, animal imagery is used throughout the play to make scenes more dramatic. This tool is commonly applied in numerous amounts of his plays, and many of today’s authors still use it. Animal imagery can make the play easier to comprehend, and can show how the characters, mainly Iago, think A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided. It is at this point of the essay that students may begin to struggle. This is the portion of the essay that will leave the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader. Therefore, it Sep 30, · But animal rights & welfare activists consider this to be inhuman and cruelty to animals. Hence governments have framed rules to prevent cruelty to animals. The first law to be passed in the United States is the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act AWA in that regulates laboratory animals’ safety and welfare
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